• Xenophobia: an unreasonable fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers or of that which is foreign or strange.
• Social invisibility• Political, economical, and legal abandonment
• Discrimination: treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than on individual merit. Discrimination can be for age, disability, race, religion or belief, sex and sexuality
Informality: operates in illegality but not with antisocial objectives. It has in mind legal goals.
Characteristics of informality:
• Do not use complex technologies
• There is not a well established work division
• They are not legally constituted
• They have many work relationships at the same time
Informal workers (DANE)
• Unpaid family employees
• Domestic service
• Self-employees
• Ten people or less
Elements
• High or low entry or exit barriers, depending on the activity
• Need for seasonality• Illegal control of certain activities
• Abuse of power
• Irregular salary
• Reduced or no control from the governments• Autonomous or complementary activities
• Small-scale, with some exceptions
• Social or family relationship replace the impersonal work
• Buy expensive and sell cheap (poor competitiveness)
• No reinvestment
• Low voice and non-organization
Social problems
Here in Colombia this kind of organizations are very common, almost everyone has something in their house from an informal organization; the most common things are movies, CDs, books, shoes, etc. these organizations had bad influence in an economy because as we saw in class they do not pay taxes, they take away value from the original things, and most of the people that buy these things is not satisfied because they do not have warranty and they commonly come with imperfections or mistakes.
• Do not pay taxes
• Unfair competition with the formal sector (prices, piracy, distribution, copyright, etc)• Social discomfort
• Threats on health
Induction factors
• Economic needs
• Traffic and exploitation of human beings
• Migrations
• Access to cheaper resources
• Lack of legal and financial opportunities
• Unemployment
• High transaction cost
• Poor economic growth and high birth rates
PRESENTATION
The role of workersIn the Tayloristic world of a century ago, the role of the worker was to execute work according to instructions and job descriptions. Work processes were considered to be definable and repeatable. For most, that has changed —and continues to change. Workers on all levels—managers, professionals, crafts workers, and “unskilled” workers—are all required to think independently to act effectively. They must respond to daily work challenges in ways that serve the enterprise, its customers, and themselves in the best way possible.
Some things that the worker should consider in their own development include seeking a variety of assignments, tackling tough problems and asking for feedback. Coaching is another helpful activity, both in looking for opportunities to coach others and finding good coaches for him or her. It can help to ask for feedback when working with a variety of people and in a variety of situations. Employees should be looking for developmental relationships that can provide a variety of learning. They can also identify goals for new skills and abilities and then look for ways to meet those goals. It can also be helpful to attend classes and workshops to fill in conceptual needs.
While employee development is critical to the success of an organization, both the employee and the organization must recognize that most of the responsibility for development falls to the employee.
Migrant workers
The term migrant worker has different official meanings and connotations in different parts of the world. The "United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families" defines migrant worker as follows:
The term "migrant worker" refers to a person who is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national.
The term can also be used to describe someone who migrates within a country, possibly their own, in order to pursue work such as seasonal work.
KOREA
Traditional management in Korea
The Korean management system shares with other management system, from this perspective we may state that all management systems function under universally applicable principles of planning, organization, control, leadership, and motivation.
However, the Korean management style is unique in that it is also culturally bounded. It strives to enhance the performance of organizations in the most effective way within the context of the Korean culture. Japan and the United States management have had a significant impact on that of Korea. When the Japanese occupied Korea from 1910 until the end of World War II, The Japanese brought a modernized or Westernized management system to Korea. Koreans integrated the Japanese management system into their own. Even today, the organizational hierarchical structure, for example, is mostly the same in both South Korea and Japan. It is interesting to see the similarity between South Korea and Japan on official ranks in an organization.
Characteristics of the Korean management:
· Decision making by consensus with some qualifications.
· Lifetime employment with some qualifications.
· Individualism in group settings.· Loyalty
· Interorganizational mobility
· Significance of promotion· Paternalistic leadership with qualifications
· Close relationship between government and business with qualifications
· Confucian work ethic
· Inhwa dangyul, or harmony and solidarity.
MAKING RELATIONSHIPS A PRIORITY
To westerners who are accustomed to an efficient and logical approach, this stress on interpersonal relationships and group harmony is excessive. Positive working relationships require time (both short and long term), money, honesty and care.
While to some expatriates the emphasis Koreans place on workplace relationships can be burdensome, many are equally impressed with the sense of connection and caring Korean workers have for one another, and for you. It is not unusual, for example, for teachers to contribute a set percentage of their salary to a community fund that is used for going out to lunch together periodically or to help a colleague undergoing a difficult situation (family death).
Developing good relationships with work associates
Fortunately, most Koreans at their workplace are looking to develop a good relationship with you, recognizing that their relationships with you will also benefit them. These socializing experiences are an excellent opportunity for them to know you better.
One of the best ways to begin a relationship is to look for things you have in common, such as hobbies, travel experiences, past residences and current social activities. Koreans will observe your attitude about Korea and Koreans and you will certainly be asked about your impressions of their country. Note that your answers should include only things you like about Korea until you have known someone for a long time and have a close and open relationship. You will be invited out at your colleagues’ expense; don’t forget that you will be expected to return the favor before too much time has passed.
Having fun with your work associates
One of the best ways to develop good relationships with Korean co-workers, bosses and subordinates is to have fun together. Activities such as hiking, tennis or visiting cultural sites are quite common for Korea workers to do together. You would be wise to participate in these events as a way to get to know your colleagues.
COMUNICATION IN THE WORKPLACE
In Korea, when you wish to begin a business relationship with someone, it is very important to be introduced to that person by a third party. Joining various organizations, even organizations for expatriates, will be a source for these important networking connections.
Tips for greeting someone for the first time
· Stand up for greetings
· Bow (not as deep or long as Japanese)
· Say “ban gop sumnida” (I’m happy to meet you)
Tips for exchanging business cards
· Exchange is a ritualized and important part of first meeting which lets everyone knows where they stand.
· Cards are exchange while you are standing.
· Cards are presented and received with both hands, with the writing on the card facing the receiver.
· Upon receipt, study the other person’s card for a moment.
· Place it in front of you on the table.
· Take care of the card (don’t treat it as a scrap of paper or a bookmark and keep it for future reference).
LANGUAGE
All educated Koreans have studied English in primary school, secondary school and college, many have had little experience communicating verbally: the emphasis has been on reading and writing. To facilitate verbal communication keep the following in mind:
· Speak patiently and slowly.
· Repeat key points several times, or write them down.
· If speaking to two Koreans, pause occasionally so that one may translate for the other, or two allow them to discuss with each other (in Korean) what they think you are saying.· When negotiating, you may want to have your own translator with you.
THE MEANING OF “YES”
In English, “yes” usually means “I agree” or “I will do it”. The Korean “yes” means “I understand” or “I’ll do my best”. It is important you understand exactly what someone when they say “yes”. It is best to avoid negative questions.
THE EMBARASSED SMILE
Besides being an expression of happiness, a smile can mean shame or embarrassment. When your assistant mistakenly erases several hours of your work on the computer, he is most likely to smile, or even laugh. It means that he is embarrassed and sorry.
The meaning of contracts
To some Koreans, a contract is merely a general guide for conducting business. It is assumed that after agreements are signed, concessions will be made. For them, a contract is not as important as the interpersonal relationship between the two parties. A contract made between two people who do not trust each other has little value.
Reaching an agreement in business contracts
You will need to be firm about your position, remembering two things: insisting on having your way, with no flexibility, will be viewed unfavorably by your Koreans counterparts; and appearing to be in a hurry puts you at a disadvantage. Koreans may pressure you to accept less than ideal terms just to finalize an agreement before you leave.
LOYALTY IN THE WORKPLACE
Loyalty to people
The best way to move up is to be completely loyal to someone on the rise, because when he finally has the power to fill positions, he will look to those who have been loyal to him. He would generally choose a loyal person over a more competent but unknown person.
Koreans are not particularly loyal to business organizations. If a better opportunity comes up, transferring to another company is natural.
WORKPLACE ETIQUETTE
Respect
If you work for a Korean president, owner or principal, he or she probably will not expect you to follow the Korean rules of behavior, but you should not forget that his or her position is higher than yours, and you are not equal in any sense.
PARTICULAR WORK SITUATIONS
Women in the workplace
It is awkward for a Korean man to be supervised by a woman so the women will need to take care to establish her position of power while at the same time, treating her subordinates with kindness.
Explain why is there a cultural difference between North Korea and South Korea
Although Korea has a long history of unity and success, their present situation is horrible. Split into two countries following World War II, North Korea inherited a communistic form of government from the USSR, while South Korea became a democracy. While North Korea has lived in both a physical and religious drought, South Korea has found prosperity at home and abroad, as they grow in success, and spread the gospel around the world.
“One of the best books where you will learn more about the differences between North and South Korea is authored by Don Oberdorfer, in his work ‘The Two Koreas’. In it, he said that Koreans are on either side of the dividing line: “Brothers and sisters and cousins from the same heritage… bitter enemies who have been waging fierce struggles against one another for half a century”.”
Some differences:
1. North Korea has Pyongyang as is capital, while South Korea has Seoul as its capital.
2. North Korea is a country which experiences economic problems and mass starvation, while South Korea is a country whose citizens are happy, and its economy is slowly but surely thriving.
3. North Korea is led by the supreme leader Kim Jong-Il, while South Korea has a democratic, semi-presidential republic, led by the president and a prime minister.
The political differences between the north and the south of the peninsula also mean that there is a different focus on specific aspects of Korean culture.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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